Imajarini:ibe aukubhebhethekaesetshenziselwa ukusabalalisa, ukubhaka nokupheka.Yadalwa ekuqaleni esikhundleni sayoibhotelango-1869 eFrance nguHippolyte Mège-Mouriès.Imajariniyenziwa ikakhulukazi ngamafutha ezitshalo namanzi ane-hydrogenated noma acwengisisiwe.
Ngenkathiibhotelayenziwe ngamafutha ngobisi,imajariniyenziwe ngamafutha ezitshalo futhi ingase ibe nobisi.Kwezinye izindawo libizwa nge-colloquially ngokuthi "oleo", lifushane nge-oleomargarine.
I-margarine, njengeibhotela, iqukethe i-emulsion yamanzi-in-fat, namaconsi amancane amanzi ahlakazeke ngokufanayo phakathi nesigaba samafutha esisesimweni sekristalu esizinzile.Imajarini inamafutha amancane angama-80%.Imajarini ingasetshenziswa kokubili ukusabalalisa nokubhaka nokupheka.Iphinde isetshenziswe ngokujwayelekile njengesithako kweminye imikhiqizo yokudla, efana namakhekhe namakhukhi, ngobubanzi bayo bemisebenzi.
Indlela eyisisekelo yeukwenza imajarininamuhla kuhlanganisa ukufaka inhlanganisela yamafutha emifino ane-hydrogenated nobisi oluncibilikisiwe, ukupholisa ingxube ukuze kuqiniswe nokuyisebenza ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthungwa.Amafutha emifino kanye nezilwane ayizinhlanganisela ezifanayo ezinamaphoyinti ahlukene okuncibilika.Lawo mafutha awuketshezi ekushiseni kwekamelo ngokuvamile aziwa ngokuthi amafutha.Amaphuzu okuncibilika ahlobene nokuba khona kwe-carbon-carbon double bond ezingxenyeni zama-fatty acids.Inani eliphakeme lamabhondi amabili linikeza amaphuzu ancibilikayo aphansi.
I-hydrogenation eyingxenye yamafutha ezitshalo ajwayelekile engxenyeni evamile yemajarini.Iningi lamabhondi aphindwe kabili e-C=C ayasuswa kule nqubo, okuphakamisa indawo yokuncibilika komkhiqizo.
Ngokuvamile, amafutha emvelo afakwa i-hydrogenated ngokudlula i-hydrogen emafutheni phambi kwe-nickel catalyst, ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo.Ukwengezwa kwe-hydrogen kumabhondi angagcwalisiwe (ama-alkenes aphindwe kabili C=C amabhondi) kubangela amabhondi e-CC agcwele, okwandisa ngempumelelo indawo yokuncibilika kawoyela futhi ngaleyo ndlela "aqine".Lokhu kungenxa yokwanda kwamandla ka-van der Waals phakathi kwama-molecule agcwele uma kuqhathaniswa nama-athomu angagcwele.Kodwa-ke, njengoba kunezinzuzo zezempilo ezingenzeka ekunciphiseni inani lamafutha agcwele ekudleni komuntu, inqubo ilawulwa ukuze kuphela izibopho ezanele ze-hydrogenated ukunikeza ukuthungwa okudingekayo.
Kuthiwa ama-margarine enziwe ngale ndlela aqukethe amafutha e-hydrogenated.Le ndlela isetshenziswa namuhla kwamanye ama-margarine nakuba inqubo isithuthukisiwe futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezinye izinsimbi zensimbi zisetshenziswa njenge-palladium.Uma i-hydrogenation ingaphelele (ukuqina ngokwengxenye), amazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu asetshenziswa enqubweni ye-hydrogenation athambekele ekuphenduleni amanye amabhondi e-carbon-carbon double abe kwifomu elithi "trans".Uma lezi zibopho ezithile zingafakwanga i-hydrogen ngesikhathi senqubo, zisazoba khona ku-margarine yokugcina kuma-molecule wamafutha e-trans, ukusetshenziswa kwawo okuye kwaboniswa ukuthi kuyingozi engozini yesifo senhliziyo.Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, amafutha aqiniswe kancane asetshenziswa kancane kancane embonini yemajarini.Amanye amafutha asezindaweni ezishisayo, njengamafutha esundu namafutha kakhukhunathi, ngokwemvelo aqinile futhi awadingi i-hydrogenation.
Imajarini yesimanje ingenziwa nganoma iyiphi inhlobonhlobo yamafutha ezilwane noma emifino, axutshwe nobisi oluncibilikisiwe, usawoti, nama-emulsifiers.Imajarini namafutha emifinoisakazekaezitholakala emakethe zingasukela ku-10 kuya ku-90% wamafutha.Kuye ngokuqukethwe kwamafutha okugcina kanye nenjongo yawo (ukusabalalisa, ukupheka noma ukubhaka), izinga lamanzi namafutha emifino asetshenzisiwe azohluka kancane.Amafutha acindezelwa embewu futhi acwengisiswe.Ibe isihlanganiswa namafutha aqinile.Uma kungekho mafutha aqinile anezelwa emafutheni emifino, lawa alandelayo abhekana nenqubo ye-hydrogenation egcwele noma eyingxenye ukuze awaqinise.
Ingxube ewumphumela ixubene namanzi, i-citric acid, i-carotenoids, amavithamini kanye nobisi oluyimpushana.Ama-Emulsifiers afana ne-lecithin asiza ekuhlakazweni kwesigaba samanzi ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke uwoyela, futhi usawoti nezivimbelakuvunda nakho kuvame ukungezwa.Le emulsion kawoyela namanzi bese ifudunyezwa, ihlanganiswe, bese ipholiswa.Amajarini ebhavu athambile enziwa ngamafutha amancane ane-hydrogenated, uketshezi oluningi kune-block margarine.
Izinhlobo ezintathu zemajarini zivamile:
Amafutha emifino athambileisakazeka, anamafutha amaningi e-mono- noma e-polyunsaturated, enziwe ngesafflower, ubhekilanga, ubhontshisi wesoya, i-cottonseed, i-rapeseed, noma amafutha omnqumo.
Imajarini ebhodleleni ukupheka noma izitsha eziphezulu
Imajarini eqinile, ngokuvamile engenambala yokupheka noma yokubhaka.
Ukuhlanganisa nebhotela.
Amathebula amaningi athandwayo asakazwayo athengiswa namuhla ayinhlanganisela yemajarini nebhotela noma eminye imikhiqizo yobisi.Ukuxuba, okusetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukunambitheka kwemajarini, bekukade kungekho emthethweni emazweni anjenge-United States ne-Australia.Ngaphansi kweziqondiso ze-European Union, umkhiqizo wemajarini awukwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi "ibhotela", noma ngabe iningi lawo liqukethe ibhotela lemvelo.Kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu amatafula asekelwe ebhotela futhi imikhiqizo yemajarini idayiswa "njengengxube yebhotela".
Izingxube zebhotela manje sezenza ingxenye enkulu yemakethe yokusabalalisa ithebula.Uphawu "Angikholwa Ukuthi Akuwona Ubhotela!"iveze izinhlobonhlobo zokusabalala okuqanjwe ngokufanayo manje ezingatholakala emashalofini ezitolo ezinkulu emhlabeni wonke, ngamagama afana nokuthi "Beautifully Butterfully", "Butterlicious", "Utterly Butterly", kanye "You'd Butter Believe It".Lezi zingxube zebhotela zigwema imikhawulo yokulebula, ngamasu okuthengisa asho ukufana okuqinile nebhotela langempela.Amagama anjalo athengiswayo ethula umkhiqizo kubathengi ngendlela ehlukile kumalebula omkhiqizo adingekayo abiza imajarini ngokuthi "amafutha emifino ane-hydrogenated ingxenye".
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-04-2021