Imajarini iyafana ngokunambitheka nokubukeka kwebhotela kodwa inomehluko eminingana ohlukile.Imajarini yathuthukiswa esikhundleni sebhotela.Ngekhulu le-19, ibhotela lase liphenduke ukudla okuyisisekelo ekudleni kwabantu ababephila ngokulima umhlabathi, kodwa lalibiza kakhulu kulabo abangalisebenzisi.ULouis Napoleon III, umbusi onomqondo wezenhlalakahle weFrance maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka, wanikeza umvuzo kunoma ubani ongaveza okwamukelekayo,
Inqubo ye-Continuous-How iyindlela evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni i-mogarine.Uma ubisi lusetshenziswa njengesisekelo samanzi, luhlanganiswa nosawoti kanye ne-emulsifying agent ekamelweni.I-emulsifier isebenza ngokunciphisa ukungezwani kwendawo phakathi kwama-globules kawoyela nengxube yoketshezi, ngaleyo ndlela iwasize enze amabhondi amakhemikhali kalula.Umphumela uba into engelona uketshezi noma eqinile ngokuphelele.
okunye okuthengekayo.U-Hippolyte Mege-Mouriez wawina umncintiswano wango-1869 wento ayiqambe ngemajarini ngesithako sayo esiyinhloko, i-margaric acid.I-margaric acid yayisanda kutholwa ngo-1813 nguMichael Eugene Chevreul futhi yathatha igama layo egameni lesiGreki elithi amaparele, i-margarite, ngenxa yamaconsi abisi abonwa u-Chevreul ekusunguleni kwakhe.Ezikhathini zanamuhla ukhiqizwa ngamafutha noma inhlanganisela yamafutha ngenqubo ye-hydro-genation, indlela eyapheleliswa cishe ngo-1910. Le nqubo isiza uwoyela wezilwane noma wemifino ukuthi uhlanganise, noma uguqule uketshezi oluwuketshezi lube okunamafutha kwesigamu- isimo esiqinile.
E-US, ibhotela laliwukunambitheka okuthandwayo iminyaka eminingi, futhi kuze kube sezikhathini zamuva nje, imajarini yahlushwa isithombe esibi somkhiqizo.Inkampani yobisi ehlelwe kahle yakhankasela imajarini, yesaba ukuncintisana embonini yemajarini.Cishe ngo-1950, iCongress yachitha izintela esikhundleni sebhotela eyayisebenze amashumi eminyaka ambalwa.Lo mthetho obizwa “ngeMargarine Act” nawo wamenyezelwa ukuthi ekugcineni uchaze imajarini: “zonke izinto, izingxube nezinhlanganisela ezinokufana okufana nebhotela futhi eziqukethe noma yimaphi amafutha adliwayo namafutha ngaphandle kwamafutha obisi uma kwenziwa ngokulingisa noma. okufana nebhotela.”Ingxenye yokwamukelwa kwemajarini ekudleni kwabantu baseYurophu nabaseMelika yavela ekulinganiseni ngezikhathi zempi.Ibhotela laliyivelakancane, futhi imajarini, noma i-oleo, yayiyibambela engcono kakhulu.Namuhla, imajarini
Kusukela ngawo-1930s, iVotator bekuyithuluzi elisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenziweni kwemajarini yase-US.Ku-Votator, i-emulsion yemajarini iyapholiswa futhi ngezikhathi ezithile iyanyakaziswa ukuze yakhe imajarini eqinile.
isiphenduke indawo ecishe ishintshe yebhotela futhi inikeza amafutha amancane ne-cholesterol kunebhotela ngenani eliphansi.
Ukukhiqizwa KweMargarine
Imajarini ingenziwa ngezinhlobonhlobo zamafutha ezilwane futhi yake yakhiqizwa kakhulu ngamafutha enyama yenkomo futhi ibizwa nge-oleo-margarine.Ngokungafani nebhotela, lingahlanganiswa libe yizinhlobonhlobo zokuvumelana, kuhlanganise noketshezi.Nokho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iliphi ifomu, imajarini kufanele ihlangabezane nezindinganiso eziqinile zokuqukethwe zikahulumeni ngoba iwukudla abahlaziyi bakahulumeni kanye nezazi zokudla okunomsoco abakubheka njengokudideka kalula nebhotela.Le mihlahlandlela ibeka ukuthi imajarini okungenani ibe ngamafutha angama-80%, aphuma emafutheni ezilwane noma emifino, noma kwesinye isikhathi abe yinhlanganisela yakho kokubili.Cishe i-17-18.5% yemajarini iwuketshezi, ephuma kubisi lwe-skim olufakwe ku-pasteurized, amanzi, noma uketshezi lweprotein kabhontshisi wesoya.Iphesenti elincane (1-3%) liwusawoti owenezelwa ukunambitheka, kodwa ngokwentshisekelo yezempilo yezokudla enye imajarini yenziwe futhi ibhalwe ukuthi ayinasawoti.Kufanele iqukathe okungenani amayunithi angu-15,000 (kusuka kumazinga e-US Pharmacopeia) kavithamini A ngephawundi.Ezinye izithako zingase zengezwe ukuze kulondolozwe impilo yeshalofu.
Ukulungiselela
1 Uma izithako zifika endaweni yokukhiqiza imajarini, kumele ziqale zibhekane nochungechunge lwezinyathelo zokuzilungiselela.Uwoyela—i-safflower, ummbila, noma ubhontshisi wesoya, phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo—uphathwa ngekhambi le-caustic soda ukuze kukhishwe izingxenye ezingadingekile ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-fatty acids amahhala.Amafutha abe esegezwa ngokuwaxuba namanzi ashisayo, ahlukaniswe, futhi ashiywe ukuze ome ngaphansi kwe-vacuum.Ngokulandelayo, uwoyela ngezinye izikhathi uxutshwa nengxube yomhlaba omhlophe namalahle kwelinye igumbi lokushaya.Umhlaba ocwebezelayo namalahle amunca noma yimiphi imibala engadingeki, bese ehlungwa emafutheni.Noma ngabe yiluphi uketshezi olusetshenziswayo lapho kwenziwa ukukhiqizwa—ubisi, amanzi, noma i-soy-based substance—nalo kufanele lwenziwe izinyathelo zokulungiselela.Iphinde ibe ne-pasteurization ukuze isuse ukungcola, futhi uma impushana yobisi eyomile isetshenziswa, kufanele ihlolwe amagciwane kanye nokunye ukungcola.
I-Hydrogenation
2 Amafutha abe esefakwa i-hydrogen ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukufana okulungile kokukhiqizwa kwemajarini, isimo esibizwa ngokuthi “ipulasitiki” noma i-semi-solid.Kule nqubo, igesi ye-hydrogen yengezwa emafutheni ngaphansi kwezimo ezicindezelayo.Izinhlayiya ze-hydrogen zihlala kuwoyela, zisiza ekwandiseni izinga lokushisa azoncibilika kulo futhi zenze uwoyela angangenwa kalula ukungcola ngenxa ye-oxidation.
Ukuhlanganisa izithako
Inqubo yokugeleza okuqhubekayo iyindlela evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni imajarini.Uma ubisi lusetshenziswa njengesisekelo samanzi, luhlanganiswa nosawoti kanye ne-emulsifying agent ekamelweni.I-emulsifying agent iqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo ye-emulsification—echazwa ngamakhemikhali njengokulengiswa kwamagilabhula amancane oketshezi olulodwa oketshezini lwesibili—iyenzeka.I-emulsifier isebenza ngokunciphisa ukungezwani kwendawo phakathi kwama-globules kawoyela nengxube yoketshezi, ngaleyo ndlela iwasize enze amabhondi amakhemikhali kalula.Umphumela uba into engeyona into ewuketshezi noma eqinile ngokuphelele kodwa iyinhlanganisela yakho kokubili okubizwa ngokuthi i-semi-solid.I-Lecithin, amafutha emvelo atholakala esikhupheni seqanda, ubhontshisi wesoya, noma ummbila, iyi-ejenti eyodwa yokufaka emulsification esetshenziswa ekwenzeni imajarini.
3 Esinyathelweni sokuqala, uketshezi, usawoti, kanye nelecithin kuhlanganiswa ndawonye ethangini elilodwa elibhekene nelinye ivathi eliphethe amafutha nezithako ezincibilika uwoyela.Enqubweni yokugeleza okuqhubekayo, okuqukethwe kwamavathi amabili kunikezwa ngesikhathi esibekiwe ethangini lesithathu, ngokuvamile elibizwa ngokuthi i-emulsification chamber.Ngenkathi inqubo yokuhlanganisa yenzeka, izinzwa zemishini nemishini elawulayo igcina izinga lokushisa lengxube lisondele ku-100°F (38°C).
Ukuyaluza
4 Okulandelayo, ingxube yemajarini ithunyelwa ocingweni olubizwa ngokuthi iVotator, okuyigama lomkhiqizo wezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenziweni kwemajarini yase-US.Bekuyimishini ejwayelekile embonini kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1930s.Ku-Votator, i-emulsion yemajarini ipholiswa kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Chamber A. I-Chamber A ihlukaniswe yaba amashubhu amathathu anciphisa izinga lokushisa kwawo ngokulandelana.Ngemizuzu emibili ingxube isifinyelele ku-45-50°F (7-10°C).Ibe iphonswa ku-vat yesibili ebizwa ngokuthi i-Chamber B. Lapho iyanyakaziswa kodwa ngokuvamile iyekwa ukuze ihlale inganyakazi futhi yakhe isimo sayo esicishe sibe qinile.Uma idinga ukushaywa noma ilungiselelwe ukufana okukhethekile, ukuyaluza kwenziwa ku-Chamber B.
Ikhwalithi yokulawula
Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kuyinkinga esobala ezindaweni zesimanje zokucubungula ukudla.Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezingcolile kanye nendlela engasebenzi kahle zingaholela ekungcoleni okukhulu kwamagciwane okungaphazamisa izisu ngisho nokuphila kwezinkulungwane zabathengi phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa.Uhulumeni wase-US, ngaphansi kosizo loMnyango Wezolimo, ugcina amakhodi athile enhlanzeko yezimboni ezimbonini zesimanje ezikhilimu kanye nemajarini.Ukuhlolwa kanye nenhlawulo yezinto zokusebenza ezinganakekelwa kahle noma izimo ezingcolile kusiza ukugcina izinkampani zithobela.
Ibhotela ihlelwe ngabahloli be-USDA endaweni yokugcoba.Bahlola iqoqo ngalinye, balihlole, balinambithe, futhi banikeze amaphuzu kulo.Banikeza amaphuzu aphezulu angama-45 ukuze uthole ukunambitheka, angu-25 womzimba nokuthungwa, amaphuzu angu-15 ombala, 10 okuqukethwe kukasawoti, kanye nama-5 okupaka.Ngakho, iqoqo eliphelele lebhotela lingathola amaphuzu angu-100, kodwa ngokuvamile inombolo ephakeme kakhulu eyabelwe iphakheji ingu-93. Ku-93, ibhotela lihlukaniswa futhi libhalwe i-Grade AA;iqoqo elithola amaphuzu angaphansi kwama-90 lithathwa njengeliphansi.
Imihlahlandlela yokukhiqiza imajarini ibeka ukuthi imajarini iqukethe okungenani amafutha angama-80%.Amafutha asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni angatholakala emithonjeni ehlukahlukene yezilwane nemifino kodwa wonke kufanele alungele ukusetshenziswa abantu.Okuqukethwe kwayo okunamanzi kungase kube ubisi, amanzi, noma uketshezi lweprotheyini esekelwe kusoya.Kumelwe ifakwe i-pasteurized futhi iqukathe okungenani amayunithi angu-15,000 kavithamini A. Ingase futhi iqukathe esikhundleni sikasawoti, izinto ezinoshukela, ama-emulsifiers anamafutha, izilondolozi, uvithamini D, nezinto ezifaka imibala.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-17-2021